O cristianismo em Axum em perspectiva global: os casos de Frumêncio e Ezana
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18764/1983-2850v18n52e25970Schlagworte:
Ezana, Frumêncio, Axum, História GlobalAbstract
Axum consistiu num reino situado no nordeste africano, na região do Chifre da África. Devida à expansão militar anterior, Axum detinha acesso ao litoral banhado pelo Mar Vermelho no século IV. Em 334, o negus axumita Ezana foi convertido por ação de Frumêncio, cristão sírio estabelecido em Axum. Este artigo se detém na análise dos dois documentos textuais de autores contemporâneos a Ezana e Frumêncio e que os mencionaram: a História Eclesiástica, escrita por Rufino de Aquileia, e a Apologia ao imperador Constâncio, produzida por Atanásio de Alexandria. O objetivo consiste em avaliar as referências à inserção de Axum em circuitos econômicos, políticos, religiosos e diplomáticos globais nas passagens com referências a Frumêncio e Ezana. Para tanto, adota-se a abordagem da História Global, baseada no enfoque nas formas de integração. O estudo dos dois documentos à luz do contexto identificou que a conversão de Ezana e a atuação de Frumêncio estavam relacionadas à integração de Axum aos circuitos mercantis cristãos. Também se constatou que a adesão ao cristianismo desencadeou a mobilização de Axum nas disputas político-clericais que vinham desde o Império Romano e que repercutiam nas redes diplomáticas.
Downloads
Literaturhinweise
ANÔNIMO. The Kephalaia of the teacher. The edited Coptic Manichaean texts in translation with commentary. Leiden, New York, Köln: Brill, 1995.
ATANÁSIO DE ALEANDRIA. Apologie à l´empereur Constance. In: Deux apologies. Paris: Cerf. p. 86-175.
EUSÉBIO DE CESAREIA. Vida de Constantino. Madrid: Gredos, 1994.
FILOSTÓRGIO. Church History. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2007.
RUFINO DE AQUILEIA. Historiae ecclesiasticae libri duo. In: MIGNE, Jacques-Paul. Patrologiae Cursus completes, Series Prima. Paris, 1849, v. 21.
RUFINO DE AQUILEIA. History of the Church. Washington: The Catholic University of America, 2016.
The Theodosian Code. In: The Theodosian Code and novels and the Sirmondian Constitutions. Princeton: Princeton University, 1952. p. 9-476.
ARENA VALENTINA. Roman oratorical invective. In: DOMINIK, W.; HALL, J. (Ed.). A companion to Roman Rethoric. Malden, Oxford: Blackwell, 2007. p. 149–160.
BANTU, V. L. A multitude of all peoples. Engaging ancient Christianity´s global identity. Downers Grove: IVP Academic, 2020.
BARRY, J. Bishops in flight. Exile and displacement in Late Antiquity. Okland: University of California, 2019.
BOWERSOCK, G. W. The throne of Adulis. Red Sea wars on the eve of Islam. Oxford: Oxford University, 2013.
CHASE-DUNN, C.; HALL, T. Rise and demise. Comparing World-Syystems. Boulder, Oxford: Westview, 1997.
CHRYSOS, E. Byzantine diplomacy, A.D. 300-800: means and ends. In: SHEPARD, J.; FRANKLIN, S. (Ed.). Byzantine diplomacy. Aldershort, Brookfield: Variorum, 1992. p. 25–41.
CONRAD, S. O que é a História Global? Lisboa: 70, 2019.
DAFLON, E. C. Outra ascensão do cristianismo: o processo de cristianização do Reino de Axum (séculos IV-VII). 2023. Universidade Santa Úrsula - Instituto de Pesquisa e Memória Pretos Novos, Rio de Janeiro, 2023.
DECKER, M. Sttlement and trade in the Red Sea in Late Antiquity: an archeological perspective. Ancient West & East, v. 9, p. 193–210, 2010.
FERGUSON, T. C. The past is prologue. The revolution of nicene historiography. Leiden, Boston: Brill, 2005.
FLOWER, R. Emperors and bishops in Late Roman Invective. Cambridge: Cambridge University, 2013.
FOURNIER, E. Exiled bishops in the christian empire: victims of imperial violence? In: DRAKE, H. A. (Ed.). Violence in Late Antiquity: peceptions and practices. London, New York: Routledge, 2006. p. 157–166.
FOWDEN, G. Empire to commonwealth. Consequences of monotheism in Late Antiquity. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University, 1993.
FREDRIKSEN, P. Ancient Christianities. The first five hundred years. Princeton, Oxford: Princeton University, 2024.
GLAZIER, D.; PEACOCK, D. Historical background and previous investigations. In: BLUE, L.; PEACOCK, D. (Ed.). The ancient Red Sea port of Adulis, Eritea. Results of the Eritro-British expedition, 2004-5. Oxford: Owbow Books, 2007. p. 7–18.
GWYNN, D. M. Athanasius of Alexandria: bishop, theologian, ascetic, father. New York, Oxford: Oxford University, 2012.
HAAS, C. Mountain Constantines: the christianization of Aksum and Iberia. Journal of Late Antiquity, v. 1, n. 1, p. 101–126, 2008.
HENDRICKX, B. The “letter” of Constantius II to Ezana and Sezana: a note on its purpose, range and impact in an afro-byzantine context. Graeco-Arabica, n. 12, p. 545–556, 2017.
HENDRICKX, B. . The image of ethiopian-axumite kinship as reflected in the greek axumite royal inscriptions. Acta Patristica et Byzantina, v. 10, n. 1, p. 128–136, 1999.
HUMPHRIES, M. Rufinus´s Eusebius: translation, continuation and edition in the latin Ecclesiastical History. Journal of Early Christian Studies, v. 16, n. 2, p. 143–164, 2008.
HUMPHRIES, M. Late Antiquity and World History: challenging conventional narratives and analyses. Studies in Late Antiquity, v. 1, n. 1, p. 8–37, 2017.
HUMPRIES, M. In nomine patris: Constantine the Great and Constantius II in christological polemic. Historia, v. 46, n. 4, p. 448–464, 1997.
IGGERS, G. Desafios do século XXI à historiografia. História da Historiografia, n. 4, p. 105–124, 2010.
KAPLAN, S. Ezana´s conversion reconsidered. Em: BAUSI, A. (Ed.). Languages and cultures of eastern christianity: ethiopian. London, New York: Routledge, 2016. p. 27–34.
MAYERSON, P. A confusion of Indias: Asian India and African India in the byzantine sorces. Journal of American Oriental Society, v. 113, n. 2, p. 169–174, 1993.
MCLAUGHLIN, R. Roman empire and the Indian Ocean. The ancient world economy & the kingdoms of Africa, Arabia & India. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military, 2014.
MILLER, G. The influences of Ezana´s conversion. Post Augustum, n. 8, p. 1–8, 2024.
MIRAN, J. The Red Sea. Em: ARMITAGE, D.; BASHFORD, A.; SIVASUNDARAM, S. (Ed.). Oceanic Histories. Cambridge: University of Cambridge, 2018. p. 156–181.
MUNRO-HAY, S. Aksum. An African civilisation of Late Antiquity. Edinbuutgh: Edinburg University, 1991a.
MUNRO-HAY, S. Aksumite overseas interests. Northeast African Studies, v. 13, n. 2/3, p. 127–140, 1991b.
MUNRO-HAY, S. The dating of Ezana and Frumentius. Em: BAUSI, A. (Ed.). Languages and Cultures of Eastern Christianity: Ethiopian. London: Routledge, 2016. p. 53–73.
PAULAU, S. The beginnings of Christianity in sub-saharan Africa. Kingdom of Aksumm and the christian world of Late Antiiquity. In: GITAU, W. M.; LAMPORT, M. A. (Ed.). Globalizing linkages: the intermingling story of Christianity in Africa. Eugene: Cascade, 2024. p. 28–42.
PHILLIPS, J. The foreign contacts of ancient Aksum: new finds and some random thoughts. Ein Forscherleben zwischen den Welten, n. 80, p. 253–268, 2014.
PHILLIPSON, D. W. Aksum, the entrepot, and highland Ethiopia, 3th-12th centuries. In: MANGO, M. M. (Ed.). Byzantine Trade, 4th-12th centuries. The archaeology of local, regional and international exchange. Farnham: Ashgate, 2009. p. 353–370.
PHILLIPSON, D. W. Foundations of an African civilization. Aksum & the northern horn 1000 BC - AD 1300. Woodbridge: James Currey, 2012.
PINTO, O. L. V. A diplomacia das feras: a África ao sul do Saara, o Império de Axum e os caminhos para uma Antiguidade Tardia multipolar. Heródoto, v. 6, n. 2, p. 173–196, 2021.
POLLARD, E. A. The Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean. Em: HORDEN, P.; KINOSHITA, S. (Ed.). A companion to Mediterranean History. Malden, Oxford: John Wiley & Sons, 2014. p. 4577–474.
POWER, T. The Red Sea from Byzantium to the Caliphate, AD 500-1000. Cairo, New York: The American University in Cairo, 2012.
SELAND, E. H. The Persian Gulf or the Red Sea? Two axes in ancient Indian Ocean trade, where to go and why. World Archaeology, v. 43, n. 3, p. 398–409, 2011.
SELAND, E. H. Trade and Christianity in the Indian Ocean during Late Antiquity. Journal of Late Antiquity, v. 5, n. 1, p. 72–86, 2012.
SELAND, E. H. Networks and social cohesion in ancient Indian Ocean trade: geography, ethnicity, religion. Journal of Global History, n. 8, p. 373–390, 2013.
SILVEIRA, A. D. da. História Global da Idade Média: estudos e propostas epistemológicas. Roda da Fortuna, v. 8, n. 2, p. 210–236, 2019.
STERK, A. “Representing” mission from below: historians as interpreters and agents of christianization. Church History, v. 79, n. 2, p. 271–304, 2010.
STEVENSON, W. The origins of roman christian diplomacy. Constantius II and John Chrysostom as innovators. London, New York: Routledge, 2021.
THELAMON, F. Rufin, historien de son temps. In: Rufino di Concordia e il suo tempo. Udine: Arti Grafiche Friulane, 1987. p. 54–68.
THEN-OBLUSKA, J.; PHILLIPS, J.; TUCKER, K. Imported ornaments of a Late Antiquity community in Christian Ethiopian. Azania, v. 57, n. 2, p. 280–296, 2022.
TOMBER, R. Bishops and traders: the role of Christianity in the Indian Ocean during the roman period. In: STARKEY, J.; STARKEY, P.; WILKINSON, T. (Ed.). Natural resources and cultural connections of the Red Sea. Oxford: BAR, 2007. p. 219–228.
Downloads
Veröffentlicht
Zitationsvorschlag
Ausgabe
Rubrik
Lizenz
Copyright (c) 2025 Revista Brasileira de História das Religiões
Dieses Werk steht unter der Lizenz Creative Commons Namensnennung 3.0 International.
